2017年9月26日 星期二

Bridenstine Gets A Thumbs Up From Sean O'Keefe

Jim Bridenstine is the leader NASA needs, op ed by Sean O'Keefe, The Hill

"Rep. Jim Bridenstine (R-Okla.), the president's nominee for NASA administrator, is facing criticism regarding his qualifications for the job. These concerns seem to be rooted in a clear preference instead for a nominee possessing skills or experience as a scientist, engineer or technologist. Perhaps most critically, some have dismissed Bridenstine's experience as inadequate given that he is an elected politician. But if history is any guide, technical skills are not necessarily requisites for success leading this storied agency. While several previous NASA leaders were credentialed or experienced in such disciplines, this was not a clear determinant for success. And contrary to the critical view, Bridenstine arguably has the best qualifications for success given the challenges ahead."



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OSIRIS-REx Views the Earth During Flyby


A color composite image of Earth was taken on Sept. 22, 2017, by the MapCam camera on NASA’s OSIRIS-REx spacecraft. via NASA http://ift.tt/2xD7UHx

ISS Daily Summary Report – 9/25/2017

Human Research Program (HRP) Collections (Biochemical Profile, Repository): Over the weekend a 52S crewmember completed Flight Day (FD) 15 urine sample collections in support of the Biochemical Profile and Repository experiments. Today another 52S crewmember completed their FD-15 urine samples, and with operator assistance, conducted blood sample collections. The blood samples were processed for double spin operations using the Refrigerated Centrifuge prior to being placed in the Minus Eighty Degree Celsius Laboratory Freezer for ISS (MELFI). The Biochemical Profile experiment tests blood and urine samples are obtained from astronauts before, during, and after spaceflight. Specific proteins and chemicals in the samples are used as biomarkers, or indicators of health. Post-flight analysis yields a database of samples and test results, which scientists can use to study the effects of spaceflight on the body. Repository is a storage bank used to maintain biological specimens over extended periods of time and under well-controlled conditions. This repository supports scientific discovery that contributes to our fundamental knowledge in the area of human physiological changes and adaptation to a microgravity environment and provides unique opportunities to study longitudinal changes in human physiology spanning many missions. Lighting Effects:  A 52S crewmember completed a Visual Performance Test by stowing the test hardware in their crew quarters, setting the light to the correct mode, turning all other light sources in the crew quarters off, before performing a Numerical Verification Test and a Color Discrimination Test. The completed tests were photographed and downlinked. The Lighting Effects investigation studies the impact of the change from fluorescent light bulbs to solid-state light-emitting diodes (LEDs) with adjustable intensity and color and aims to determine if the new lights can improve crew circadian rhythms, sleep, and cognitive performance.  Miniature Exercise Device (MED-2) Exercise Evaluation:  51S crewmembers exercised using MED-2 with body markers and multiple camcorders for ground evaluation. The ISS’s exercise equipment is large and bulky, while the MED-2 aims to demonstrate small robotic actuators can provide motion and resistance for crew workout sessions, reducing the size and weight of exercise equipment for long-duration space missions. The MED-2 investigation is a system to test key technologies needed to develop space based exercise equipment that may provide appropriate countermeasures to the adverse effects of microgravity. This technology is critical for the initial design and development of second and third generation Counter Measure Systems (CMS) hardware that is an order of magnitude lighter and smaller than existing ISS class of CMS hardware and that has significantly greater reliability.  Combustion Integrated Rack (CIR) Gas Chromatograph (GC) Installation: The crew installed the GC instrument package to support continued operations of the CIR for the upcoming ACME investigation. During the installation, the crew cleaned and contained a small leak that was noticed from a helium bottle. In an activity unrelated to today’s GC installation package, the crew checked a suspected bad cable connection to see if it was the cause of current Image Processing and Storage Unit (IPSU) data issues. After reporting that the connection appeared to be fully mated, the crew was asked to break and reseat the connector before downlinking photos for ground teams to assess. The CIR is used to perform combustion experiments in microgravity. The CIR can be reconfigured easily on orbit to accommodate a variety of combustion experiments. It consists of an optics bench, a combustion chamber, a fuel and oxidizer management system, environmental management systems, and interfaces for science diagnostics and experiment specific equipment.  Fine Motor Skills (FMS): A 51S crewmember completed a FD 60 FMS session which is executed on a touchscreen tablet, where the subject performs a series of interactive tasks. The investigation studies how fine motor skills are affected by long-term microgravity exposure, different phases of microgravity adaptation, and sensorimotor recovery after returning to Earth gravity. The goal of FMS is to answer how fine motor performance in microgravity trend/vary over the duration of a six-month and year-long space mission; how fine motor performance on orbit compare with that of a closely matched participant on Earth; and how performance trend/vary before and after gravitational transitions, including the periods of early flight adaptation, and very early/near immediate post-flight periods. Sally Ride Earth Knowledge Acquired by Middle School Students (EarthKAM) Node 2 Setup and Activation: The crew setup the payload components for EarthKAM in Node 2 for a week-long imaging session. Sally Ride EarthKAM allows thousands of students to photograph and examine Earth from a space crew’s perspective. Using the Internet, the students control a special digital camera mounted on-board the International Space Station. This enables them to photograph the Earth’s coastlines, mountain ranges and other geographic items of interest from the unique vantage point of space. The team at Sally Ride EarthKAM then posts these photographs on the Internet for the public and participating classrooms around the world to view. MagVector: Because the generically used MagVector USB stick was reported broken, the crew retrieved a new USB stick to support the 14th MagVector experiment run that begins later this week.  The European Space Agency (ESA) MagVector investigation studies how Earth’s magnetic field interacts with an electrical conductor. Using extremely sensitive magnetic sensors placed around and above a conductor, researchers can gain insight into ways that the magnetic field influences how conductors work. This research not only helps improve future International Space Station experiments and electrical experiments, but it could offer insights into how magnetic fields influence electrical conductors in general, the backbone of our technology. EVA preparations:  Today the crew inspected tethers and modified the Ballscrew Lubrication Tool (BLT) depth gauge.  These tasks are required to prepare for the upcoming trio of EVAs in October.  The goals of the EVAs include R&R of one SSRMS LEE, lubrication of the LEEs, and R&R of two external cameras.  Today’s Planned Activities All activities were completed unless otherwise noted. CIR GC Instrumentation Package Installation Combustion Integrated Rack Rack Doors Open/Close COL cabin restow after MARES deployment Environmental Health System (EHS) Total Organic Carbon Analyzer (TOCA) Water Recovery System (WRS) Sample Analysis EarthKAM Node 2 Setup […]

September 26, 2017 at 12:00AM
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Cassinis Last Ring Portrait at Saturn


How should Cassini say farewell to Saturn? Three days before plunging into Saturn's sunny side, the robotic Cassini spacecraft swooped far behind Saturn's night side with cameras blazing. Thirty-six of these images have been merged -- by an alert and adept citizen scientist -- into a last full-ring portrait of Cassini's home planet for the past 13 years. The Sun is just above the frame, causing Saturn to cast a dark shadow onto its enormous rings. This shadow position cannot be imaged from Earth and will not be visible again until another Earth-launched spaceship visits the ringed giant. Data and images from Cassini's mission-ending dive into Saturn's atmosphere on September 15 continue to be analyzed. via NASA http://ift.tt/2wMUGtg

2017年9月25日 星期一

Vice President Pence Visits NASA’s Marshall Space Flight Center

Vice President Mike Pence offered his thanks Monday to employees working on NASA’s human spaceflight programs during a tour of the agency’s Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama.

September 26, 2017
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Review: 'Discovery' is a bold, new addition to the Star Trek franchise

Jason DavisSeptember 25, 2017

Review: 'Discovery' is a bold, new addition to the Star Trek franchise

Few things bring Star Trek fans more excitement—and also anxiety—than the debut of a new Trek series.

I wasn't old enough to grasp how big of a deal The Next Generation was when it premiered in 1987, brazenly introducing a Shakespearean, English actor to fill the captain's chair previously held by William Shatner. But by 1993, when Deep Space Nine debuted, I was a full-blown Trekkie. I remember a rollercoaster of emotions as I watched the Enterprise depart DS9 during the first episode, leaving an unfamiliar cast to fend for itself on the edge of Federation space. By the end, I was hooked, and to this day I maintain Deep Space Nine was underrated, with some particularly phenomenal episodes later in the series. 

I didn't get to see Voyager start in 1995 because our local cable provider didn't carry UPN, the United Paramount Network. I settled for reading fan magazines and listening to the soundtrack on CD, before I was finally able to catch up later in the series. Six years later, when the prequel Enterprise premiered, I found the concept exciting. Admirals wearing ties! Klingons in Oklahoma corn fields! Neptune and back in six minutes! My enthusiasm quickly fizzled once the opening credits played. No cool montage showing humanity's progression in space was enough for me to forgive the choice of "Where My Heart Will Take Me" for the theme song.

Sixteen years later, all of this was in my mind as I sat down to watch the sixth and latest Trek series, Star Trek: Discovery. Any attempt to build on the Star Trek franchise is sure to be met with fans' scrutiny, and on top of that, this is another prequel, fitting in the Trek timeline after Enterprise but before the original five-year mission of Kirk and Spock. In today's nostalgia-saturated culture, it will be quite a challenge for CBS to make Discovery a good television show, a good sci-fi show, and last but not least, a good Star Trek show.

I would, however, argue this is the most opportune time for a new Star Trek series since the original show debuted in 1966. Kirk and Spock hit the airwaves during the height of the Vietnam War, amid civil rights protests and the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr. Today, with the world seemingly more divided than ever, what better time for a show originally dedicated to a utopian vision of humans exploring the galaxy?

Warning: spoilers ahead!

Star Trek: Discovery cast members

CBS

Star Trek: Discovery cast members

From left: Science officer Saru (Doug Jones), first officer Michael Burnham (Sonequa Martin-Green), Captain Philippa Georgiou (Michelle Yeoh).

The plot thus far

Discovery debuted Sunday night with two episodes: The Vulcan Hello, and Battle at the Binary Stars. The first episode aired on broadcast CBS here in America, but the second, and all subsequent episodes, are available only on CBS All Access, an online, subscription-based service. Discovery is the service's flagship program, and CBS is counting on a large Trek audience to sign up. New episodes comes out on Sundays.

Discovery focuses on the Federation-Klingon war that paves the way for the groups' perpetual conflict throughout the rest of the series. On the Federation side, we start on the starship Shenzhou (apparently named after China's human spaceflight vehicle), which is severely damaged during the humans' first major battle with the Klingons. Soon, we'll end up on another ship: the Discovery.

The lead character is Michael Burnham (Sonequa Martin-Green), whose parents were killed during an incident with the Klingons. She was raised on Vulcan by Sarek, Spock's father, and became the first human to attend the prestigious Vulcan Science Academy. In the opening episode, she's the first officer on the Shenzhou.

The Klingon Empire we know from other Star Trek shows and movies does not yet exist. A leader named T'Kuvma (Chris Obi) believes he is the second coming of Kahless, the legendary Klingon warrior-God, and attempts to unite all Klingon houses under a single banner.

While examining an ancient Klingon relic-ship in Federation space, Burnham accidentally kills a Klingon, and things go downhill from there. The incident gives T'Kuvma the excuse he needs to start a war with the Federation, and Burnham, seeing what's about to happen, tries to convince her captain, mentor and friend, Philippa Georgiou (Michelle Yeoh), to attack first. When Georgiou balks at the idea, Burnham goes rogue, using the Vulcan neck pinch to incapacitate Georgiou and take control of the Shenzhou. But it's too late; the Klingons attack, war breaks out, and in a final battle aboard the Klingon flagship, both Georgiou and T'Kuvma are killed. Burnham is sentenced to life and prison.

Something different

I expected Discovery to be a cross between Enterprise and the new reboot movies. Instead, Discovery turned out to be something else entirely. It's definitely Star Trek, with all the wooden, technical, dialogue that is the franchise's staple. The producers also appear to have been inspired by the multitude of non-traditional shows now available from other production studios like Netflix, Amazon and Hulu. As a result, Discovery alternates between edgy and familiar, keeping the viewer off-balance just enough to create occasional jaw-dropping moments that come from good story flow rather than blinding special effects.

The sets are beautiful. The candle-laden Klingon ship was rich and detailed, and the slow pacing of the Klingons' subtitled dialogue gives scenes added drama. The notion that the Federation is an assimilating, colonial force hiding behind a "we come in peace" mantra is a new angle, and T'Kuvma's rousing speech before the Klingons open fire is some top-notch Trek.

Star Trek has always been comparatively diverse in its casting choices, and Discovery continues that trend by casting a woman of color as the lead character. Unfortunately, the writers have her quickly fall from grace. It was a fresh idea, but a little sloppy in execution. When Burnham neck-pinches her captain, it's hard not to cringe. I found it hard to believe that a starship commander—one raised on Vulcan, at that—would feel so strongly about her judgment to incite mutiny. Can you imagine Commander Riker knocking out Captain Picard? "That wouldn't happen," I remember mumbling to my wife, who was also watching. "And there would be huge consequences."  

In fact, the action did have consequences. Burnham is sentenced to life in prison (by an oddly shadowed tribunal of officers), and in previews for the rest of the series, it looks like she's going to have quite a struggle working her way back up through the ranks. There is precedent for this storyline: the Maquis officers in Star Trek Voyager. How Burnham's story plays out over the rest of the series will be interesting to watch.

VIDEO

The promises and perils of the war plot

In an interview with Entertainment Weekly, Discovery showrunner Aaron Harberts said there are major parallels between the show and the social and political divides currently seen in the U.S. Racial purity, isolationism and ethics will all figure prominently.

Star Trek has always tackled social and cultural issues, but with the exception of the later seasons of Deep Space Nine, it doesn't usually do so with war. Some of the most memorable scenes in Star Trek history involve diplomacy and brainy solutions rather than ships slugging it out on the front lines. 

That doesn't mean Discovery won't work, providing the writers focus on the bigger picture rather than jamming every episode full of starship battles. Deep Space Nine's treatment of the Dominion War was fantastic. Panic and suspicion from the changeling threat led to martial law on Earth. Kira's band of resistance fighters undermined the Dominion on occupied DS9. And the ongoing tension between Gul Dukat, Damar and Weyoun was fantastic, as the Cardassians began to realize they were second-class citizens in the Dominion.

Discovery's choice to explore Klingon politics is also a great idea. The Next Generation did a fantastic job on this front over the course of the show, focusing on Worf's struggles to reclaim his house's honor while raising a son. The two-part episode "Redemption," featuring a Klingon Civil War, was very good.

Just inspire, please

I'm still confused as to why Discovery needed to be a prequel. Given the vast possibilities for modern TV shows and the richness of the post-Voyager Trek universe, why did the creators confine Discovery to a prequel that has to fit within the constraints of a particular timeline? Writer Nicholas Meyer (the legendary Wrath of Khan director) addressed this by saying creator Bryan Fuller (who has since left the show) "didn't want to use the same characters from other series." Yet we've already seen Spock's father Sarek, and from previews, it looks we'll meet the legendary con man Henry Mudd as well.

Executive producer Brannon Braga also said going too far into the future risks plausible technology and design. But as has been pointed out by numerous fans, some of the touchscreens and holograms look like they fit better at the end of the Star Trek timeline. Did CBS think we wouldn't accept a bridge with physical buttons? Plenty of other shows serve up retro settings; I'm not sure why Discovery couldn't do the same.

Ultimately, I can forgive these annoyances. TV shows are products of their time, and though I'm happy to wax poetic about the olden days of Star Trek, comparing Discovery to its predecessors too much isn't fair. Too much nostalgia makes you closed-minded, and it's a slippery slope before you find yourself on the wrong end of a Ghostbusters casting argument. Kirk and Spock were great. Picard was great. Let Burnham and Discovery be great in their own way.

My biggest hope is that Star Trek: Discovery introduces a new generation of fans to the wonders of spaceflight the way older Star Trek shows did for me. In a darkening world, Star Trek dares to promote a hopeful future where we humans put aside our differences to explore the cosmos. 

MER
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NASA, international partners consider solar sail for Deep Space Gateway

Anatoly ZakSeptember 25, 2017

NASA, international partners consider solar sail for Deep Space Gateway

It sounds like it comes straight from an Arthur C. Clarke story, but an international team of engineers is considering equipping a future human outpost orbiting the Moon with a solar sail. Harnessing the slight pressure of solar radiation, a super-thin reflective film might help steer the Deep Space Gateway, or DSG, which is being designed by five space agencies to succeed the International Space Station. 

The solar sail concept was presented last month by the Canadian Space Agency, or CSA, at the latest meeting of ISS partners. The event, specifically dedicated to DSG planning, was held at the European space center, ESTEC, in Noordwijk, Netherlands. 

At this point, ISS partners are still debating whether to use the sail for practical purposes on the near-lunar station, or only as an add-on experiment to demonstrate its future potential, including possible use on a Mars-bound spacecraft. One of the declared goals of the DSG is to test technologies which could pave the way to the first human journey to the Red Planet.

It is likely the first time solar sailing technology has been considered for a spacecraft carrying humans. Only Japan's IKAROS, launched with aboard the Venus-bound Akatsuki spacecraft in 2010, has demonstrated controlled flight by light. The Planetary Society's LightSail 2 spacecraft, scheduled to launch next year, would be the second.

Artist's conception of Deep Space Gateway with solar sail

Anatoly Zak / RussianSpaceWeb.com

Artist's conception of Deep Space Gateway with solar sail

A Canadian Space Agency proposal would place a solar sail on the outside of the Deep Space Gateway in lunar orbit.

According to an internal document presented to the ISS Exploration Capabilities Study Team, Canadian specialists believe a solar sail could play a secondary role in orienting the DSG, saving fuel for traditional rocket thrusters designed to maintain the outpost's position. Under this proposal, the main thrust for the station's maneuvers still comes from electric propulsion and traditional liquid propellant engines.

The baseline concept used for initial calculations calls for a rectangular sail spanning an area of about 50 square meters, deployed on the exterior of the station by a robotic arm. This could reportedly save at least 9 kilograms of hydrazine per year needed to keep the outpost correctly oriented in space. Although a relatively small number, 9 kilograms per year adds up over the station's projected 15-year mission, especially when considering the tremendous cost of delivering cargo to lunar orbit. The station's current design allocates 135 kilograms of hydrazine fuel for counteracting gravitational disturbances, as well as solar radiation pressure exerted on the station's exterior in lunar orbit. At least part of this attitude-control job could be shifted to a solar sail.

When the solar sail is not needed, it could be either folded or hidden behind the station's solar panels relative to the Sun, so that solar radiation no longer presses on its surface.

Besides the rectangular panel, other shapes and designs are also on the table, including discs and umbrella-type structures. One clever concept proposed to attach a foldable sail to a robotic arm, which will bend around its elbow to unfurl the sail like an old-fashioned fan. 

The final architecture of the solar sail is important because the design team is hard-pressed to keep the mass of the sail structure to an absolute minimum to justify its effectiveness. Very preliminary estimates show the mass of the solar sail system could be kept between 38 and 52 kilograms.

Potentially, the solar sail could also be used as an extra power-generating array, but the cost-benefit analysis of such a combination is also in the early stages. Engineers will also be challenged to pick the right compromise between the size and mass of the sail; the bigger the sail, the faster it can steer the station, but the larger it gets, the more weight penalties it brings to the whole project.

Orion approaches the Deep Space Gateway

NASA

Orion approaches the Deep Space Gateway

NASA's Orion spacecraft approaches the Deep Space Gateway in lunar orbit.

To keep the mass of the sail to a minimum, engineers considered Dupont's polyamide film, which measures just 7 to 25 micrometers thick.

Before its journey to the vicinity of the Moon, a prototype of the sail could be brought to the ISS to test its deployment mechanism and operations.

The Canadian Space Agency has yet to provide any public information on the solar sail concept for the near-lunar station, but in March, the agency announced Canada is "exploring how to contribute to the exciting new opportunities that will ensue as humanity takes its next steps into the solar system."

In another press release August 18, the CSA announced it had award a $2.75 million contract to the aerospace company MacDonald, Dettwiler and Associates, perhaps best known for the country's Canadarm systems. The official goal of the contract was to identify the requirements to build a deep-space exploration robotics system, which could be used to operate and maintain a future space station near the Moon. "This early-stage analysis will contribute to a better understanding of the technologies and equipment needed to support future international missions beyond the International Space Station," the announcement said.

According to a NASA source, the solar sailing concept will need further analysis, but is already being seen as promising and considered to be a good candidate at least as a demonstrator aboard the DSG, if not a fully operational system. 

The construction of the Deep-Space Gateway is expected to begin in the first half of the 2020s with the help of NASA's SLS rocket and Orion spacecraft. The near-lunar outpost will be the main destination for the Orion during the next decade, promising to give NASA and its partner agencies enough experience for human missions beyond the Moon and, possibly, to Mars in the 2030s.

MER
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